# Function objects

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< cpp‎ | utility

A function object is any object for which the function call operator is defined. C++ provides many built-in function objects as well as support for creation and manipulation of new function objects.

### Function invocation

The exposition-only operation `INVOKE`(f, arg_0, arg_1, arg_2, ..., arg_N) is defined as follows: Let type `Obj` be the unqualified type of arg_0 (i.e., std::remove_cv<std::remove_reference<decltype(arg_0)>::type>::type) If f is a pointer to member function of class `C`, then `INVOKE`(f, obj, arg_1, arg_2, ..., arg_N) is equivalent to: If std::is_same<C, Obj>::value || std::is_base_of<C, Obj>::value is true (obj.*f)(arg_1, arg_2, ..., arg_N) (invoke the member function on the object). If `Obj` is a specialization of std::reference_wrapper (obj.get().*f)(arg_1, arg_2, ..., arg_N) (invoke the member function on the specially referred object). Otherwise ((*obj).*f)(arg_1, arg_2, ..., arg_N) (invoke the member function on the dereferenced object). Otherwise, if N == 0 and f is a pointer to data member of class `C`, then `INVOKE`(mptr, obj) is equivalent to: If std::is_same<C, Obj>::value || std::is_base_of<C, Obj>::value is true obj.*mptr (access the data member of the object). If `Obj` is a specialization of std::reference_wrapper obj.get().*mptr (access the data member of the specially referred object). Otherwise (*obj).*mptr (access the data member of the dereferenced object). Otherwise `INVOKE`(f, arg_0, arg_1, arg_2, ..., arg_N) is equivalent to f(arg_0, arg_1, arg_2, ..., arg_N) (invoke the callable). The exposition-only operation `INVOKE<R>`(f, arg_0, arg_1, arg_2, ..., arg_N) is defined as follows: If `R` is (possibly cv-qualified) void static_cast<void>(`INVOKE`(f, arg_0, arg_1, arg_2, ..., arg_N)). Otherwise `INVOKE`(f, arg_0, arg_1, arg_2, ..., arg_N) implicitly converted to `R`.
Let type `Actual` be decltype(`INVOKE`(f, arg_0, arg_1, arg_2, ..., arg_N)) If `std::reference_converts_from_temporary_v` <R, Actual> is true `INVOKE<R>`(f, arg_0, arg_1, arg_2, ..., arg_N) is ill-formed. | (since C++23)
| (since C++11)

`std::invoke` and `std::invoke_r`(since C++23) can invoke any Callable object with given arguments according to the rules of `INVOKE` and `INVOKE<R>`(since C++23).

invokeinvoke_r (C++17)(C++23) | invokes any Callable object with given arguments and possibility to specify return type(since C++23) (function template)

### Function wrappers

These polymorphic wrapper classes provide support for storing arbitrary function objects.

function (C++11) | copyable wrapper of any copy constructible callable object (class template)
move_only_function (C++23) | move-only wrapper of any callable object that supports qualifiers in a given call signature (class template)
copyable_function (C++26) | copyable wrapper of any copy constructible callable object that supports qualifiers in a given call signature (class template)
function_ref (C++26) | non-owning wrapper of any callable object (class template)
bad_function_call (C++11) | the exception thrown when invoking an empty std::function (class)
mem_fn (C++11) | creates a function object out of a pointer to a member (function template)

### Identity

std::identity is the identity function object: it returns its argument unchanged.

identity (C++20) | function object that returns its argument unchanged (class)

### Partial function application

std::bind_front and std::bind provide support for partial function application, i.e. binding arguments to functions to produce new functions.

bind_frontbind_back (C++20)(C++23) | bind a variable number of arguments, in order, to a function object (function template)
bind (C++11) | binds one or more arguments to a function object (function template)
is_bind_expression (C++11) | indicates that an object is `std::bind` expression or can be used as one (class template)
is_placeholder (C++11) | indicates that an object is a standard placeholder or can be used as one (class template)
Defined in namespace `std::placeholders`
_1, _2, _3, _4, ... (C++11) | placeholders for the unbound arguments in a `std::bind` expression (constant)

### Negators

std::not_fn creates a function object that negates the result of the callable object passed to it.

not_fn (C++17) | creates a function object that returns the complement of the result of the function object it holds (function template)

### Searchers

Searchers implementing several string searching algorithms are provided and can be used either directly or with std::search.

default_searcher (C++17) | standard C++ library search algorithm implementation (class template)
boyer_moore_searcher (C++17) | Boyer-Moore search algorithm implementation (class template)
boyer_moore_horspool_searcher (C++17) | Boyer-Moore-Horspool search algorithm implementation (class template)

### Reference wrappers

Reference wrappers allow reference arguments to be stored in copyable function objects:

reference_wrapper (C++11) | CopyConstructible and CopyAssignable reference wrapper (class template)
refcref (C++11)(C++11) | creates a std::reference_wrapper with a type deduced from its argument (function template)
unwrap_referenceunwrap_ref_decay (C++20)(C++20) | get the reference type wrapped in std::reference_wrapper (class template)

### Transparent function objects Associative containers and unordered associative containers(since C++20) provide heterogeneous lookup and erasure(since C++23) operations, but they are only enabled if the supplied function object type `T` is transparent﻿: the qualified identifier `T::is_transparent` is valid and denotes a type. All transparent function object types in the standard library defines a nested type `is_transparent`. However, user-defined transparent function object types do not need to directly provide `is_transparent` as a nested type: it can be defined in a base class, as long as `T::is_transparent` satisfies the transparent requirement stated above. | (since C++14)

### Operator function objects

C++ defines the following function objects that represent common arithmetic and logical operations.

The void specializations deduce their parameter types and return types from their arguments, they are all transparent. | (since C++14)

##### Arithmetic operations
plus | function object implementing x + y (class template)
plus<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x + y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
minus | function object implementing x - y (class template)
minus<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x - y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
multiplies | function object implementing x * y (class template)
multiplies<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x * y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
divides | function object implementing x / y (class template)
divides<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x / y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
modulus | function object implementing x % y (class template)
modulus<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x % y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
negate | function object implementing -x (class template)
negate<void> (C++14) | function object implementing -x deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
##### Comparisons
equal_to | function object implementing x == y (class template)
equal_to<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x == y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
not_equal_to | function object implementing x != y (class template)
not_equal_to<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x != y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
greater | function object implementing x > y (class template)
greater<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x > y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
less | function object implementing x < y (class template)
less<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x < y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
greater_equal | function object implementing x >= y (class template)
greater_equal<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x >= y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
less_equal | function object implementing x <= y (class template)
less_equal<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x <= y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
##### Logical operations
logical_and | function object implementing x && y (class template)
logical_and<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x && y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
logical_or | function object implementing x || y (class template)
logical_or<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x || y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
logical_not | function object implementing !x (class template)
logical_not<void> (C++14) | function object implementing !x deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
##### Bitwise operations
bit_and | function object implementing x & y (class template)
bit_and<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x & y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
bit_or | function object implementing x | y (class template)
bit_or<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x | y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
bit_xor | function object implementing x ^ y (class template)
bit_xor<void> (C++14) | function object implementing x ^ y deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)
bit_not (C++14) | function object implementing ~x (class template)
bit_not<void> (C++14) | function object implementing ~x deducing parameter and return types (class template specialization)

### Constrained comparison function objects The following comparison function objects are constrained. The equality operators (`ranges::equal_to` and `ranges::not_equal_to`) require the types of the arguments to satisfy `equality_comparable_with`. The relational operators (`ranges::less`, `ranges::greater`, `ranges::less_equal`, and `ranges::greater_equal`) require the types of the arguments to satisfy `totally_ordered_with`. The three-way comparison operator (`compare_three_way`) requires the type to model `three_way_comparable_with`. All these function objects are transparent.
ranges::equal_to (C++20) | constrained function object implementing x == y (class)
ranges::not_equal_to (C++20) | constrained function object implementing x != y (class)
ranges::less (C++20) | constrained function object implementing x < y (class)
ranges::greater (C++20) | constrained function object implementing x > y (class)
ranges::less_equal (C++20) | constrained function object implementing x <= y (class)
ranges::greater_equal (C++20) | constrained function object implementing x >= y (class)
compare_three_way (C++20) | constrained function object implementing x <=> y (class)
| (since C++20)

### Helper items Following exposition-only items are used for several components in the standard library but they are not part of the interface of the standard library.
template< class Fn, class... Args > concept /*callable*/ = requires (Fn&& fn, Args&&... args) { std::forward<Fn>(fn)(std::forward<Args>(args)...); }; | (1) | (exposition only*)
template< class Fn, class... Args > concept /*nothrow-callable*/ = /*callable*/<Fn, Args...> && requires (Fn&& fn, Args&&... args) { { std::forward<Fn>(fn)(std::forward<Args>(args)...) } noexcept; }; | (2) | (exposition only*)
template< class Fn, class... Args > using /*call-result-t*/ = decltype(std::declval<Fn>()(std::declval<Args>()...)); | (3) | (exposition only*)
template< const auto& T > using /*decayed-typeof*/ = decltype(auto(T)); | (4) | (exposition only*)
| (since C++26)

### Old binders and adaptors Several utilities that provided early functional support are deprecated and removed:
##### Base
unary_function (deprecated in C++11)(removed in C++17) | adaptor-compatible unary function base class (class template)
binary_function (deprecated in C++11)(removed in C++17) | adaptor-compatible binary function base class (class template)
##### Binders
binder1stbinder2nd (deprecated in C++11)(removed in C++17) | function object holding a binary function and one of its arguments (class template)
bind1stbind2nd (deprecated in C++11)(removed in C++17) | binds one argument to a binary function (function template)
##### Function adaptors
pointer_to_unary_function (deprecated in C++11)(removed in C++17) | adaptor-compatible wrapper for a pointer to unary function (class template)
pointer_to_binary_function (deprecated in C++11)(removed in C++17) | adaptor-compatible wrapper for a pointer to binary function (class template)
ptr_fun (deprecated in C++11)(removed in C++17) | creates an adaptor-compatible function object wrapper from a pointer to function (function template)
mem_fun_tmem_fun1_tconst_mem_fun_tconst_mem_fun1_t (deprecated in C++11)(removed in C++17) | wrapper for a pointer to nullary or unary member function, callable with a pointer to object (class template)
mem_fun (deprecated in C++11)(removed in C++17) | creates a wrapper from a pointer to member function, callable with a pointer to object (function template)
mem_fun_ref_tmem_fun1_ref_tconst_mem_fun_ref_tconst_mem_fun1_ref_t (deprecated in C++11)(removed in C++17) | wrapper for a pointer to nullary or unary member function, callable with a reference to object (class template)
mem_fun_ref (deprecated in C++11)(removed in C++17) | creates a wrapper from a pointer to member function, callable with a reference to object (function template)
unary_negate (deprecated in C++17)(removed in C++20) | wrapper function object returning the complement of the unary predicate it holds (class template)
binary_negate (deprecated in C++17)(removed in C++20) | wrapper function object returning the complement of the binary predicate it holds (class template)
not1 (deprecated in C++17)(removed in C++20) | constructs custom std::unary_negate object (function template)
not2 (deprecated in C++17)(removed in C++20) | constructs custom std::binary_negate object (function template)
| (until C++20)

### Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR | Applied to | Behavior as published | Correct behavior
--- | --- | --- | ---
LWG 185 | C++98 | using function objects improved the program efficiency | removed the claim
LWG 660 | C++98 | function objects for bitwise operations are missing | added
LWG 2149 | C++98 | function objects taking one or two arguments were required to provide nested types to denote the argument and result types | not required
LWG 2219 | C++11 | `INVOKE` did not handle std::reference_wrapper correctly | handles correctly
LWG 2420 | C++11 | `INVOKE<R>` did not discard the return value if `R` is void | discards the return value in this case
LWG 2926 (P0604R0) | C++11 | the syntax of the `INVOKE` operation with a return type `R` was `INVOKE`(f, t1, t2, ..., tN, R) | changed to `INVOKE<R>`(f, t1, t2, ..., tN)
LWG 3655 | C++11 | `INVOKE` did not handle unions correctly due to the resolution of LWG issue 2219 | handles correctly

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