# std::chrono::operator<< (std::chrono::duration)

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< cpp‎ | chrono‎ | duration

Defined in header `<chrono>` |  |
template< class CharT, class Traits, class Rep, class Period > std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& operator<<( std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os, const std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& d ); |  | (since C++20)

Inserts a textual representation of d into os.

Behaves as if it was implemented as

    std::basic_ostringstream<CharT, Traits> s;
    s.flags(os.flags());
    s.imbue(os.getloc());
    s.precision(os.precision());
    s << d.count() << units_suffix; // see below
    return os << s.str();

In other words, the stream flags, locale, and precision are determined by the stream, but any padding are determined using the entire output string.

The `units_suffix` is determined based on `Period::type` according to the following table.

`Period::type` | Suffix
std::atto | `as`
std::femto | `fs`
std::pico | `ps`
std::nano | `ns`
std::micro | `µs` (U+00B5) or `us`, it is implementation-defined which one is used
std::milli | `ms`
std::centi | `cs`
std::deci | `ds`
`std::ratio<1>` | `s`
std::deca | `das`
std::hecto | `hs`
std::kilo | `ks`
std::mega | `Ms`
std::giga | `Gs`
std::tera | `Ts`
std::peta | `Ps`
std::exa | `Es`
`std::ratio<60>` | `min`
`std::ratio<3600>` | `h`
`std::ratio<86400>` | `d`
None of the above, and Period::type::den == 1 | `[num]s`
None of the above | `[num/den]s`

For the last two rows of the table, `num` and `den` in the suffix are `Period::type::num` and `Period::type::den` formatted as a decimal number with no leading zeroes, respectively.

### Return value

A reference to the stream, i.e., os.

### Example

This example shows the output of `std::chrono::operator<<` when given a duration:

Run this code

    #include <chrono>
    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std::chrono_literals;

    int main()
    {
        constexpr auto duration = 123ms;
        std::cout << duration << '\n';
    }

Output:

    123ms

### See also

format (C++20) | stores formatted representation of the arguments in a new string (function template)
std::formatter<std::chrono::duration> (C++20) | formatting support for `duration` (class template specialization)
operator<<operator>> | performs stream input and output on strings (function template)
to_string (C++11) | converts an integral or floating-point value to `string` (function)
to_wstring (C++11) | converts an integral or floating-point value to `wstring` (function)

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