# std::ldexp, std::ldexpf, std::ldexpl

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< cpp‎ | numeric‎ | math

Defined in header `<cmath>` |  |
| (1) |
float ldexp ( float num, int exp ); double ldexp ( double num, int exp ); long double ldexp ( long double num, int exp ); |  | (until C++23)
constexpr /* floating-point-type */ ldexp ( /* floating-point-type */ num, int exp ); |  | (since C++23)
float ldexpf( float num, int exp ); | (2) | (since C++11) (constexpr since C++23)
long double ldexpl( long double num, int exp ); | (3) | (since C++11) (constexpr since C++23)
Additional overloads (since C++11) |  |
Defined in header `<cmath>` |  |
template< class Integer > double ldexp ( Integer num, int exp ); | (A) | (since C++11) (constexpr since C++23)

1-3) Multiplies a floating point value num by the number 2 raised to the exp power. The library provides overloads of `std::ldexp` for all cv-unqualified floating-point types as the type of the parameter num.(since C++23)

A) Additional overloads are provided for all integer types, which are treated as double. | (since C++11)

### Parameters

num | - | floating-point or integer value
exp | - | integer value

### Return value

If no errors occur, num multiplied by 2 to the power of exp (num×2exp
) is returned.

If a range error due to overflow occurs, ±HUGE_VAL, `±HUGE_VALF`, or `±HUGE_VALL` is returned.

If a range error due to underflow occurs, the correct result (after rounding) is returned.

### Error handling

Errors are reported as specified in math_errhandling.

If the implementation supports IEEE floating-point arithmetic (IEC 60559),

- Unless a range error occurs, FE_INEXACT is never raised (the result is exact).
- Unless a range error occurs, the current rounding mode is ignored.
- If num is ±0, it is returned, unmodified.
- If num is ±∞, it is returned, unmodified.
- If exp is 0, then num is returned, unmodified.
- If num is NaN, NaN is returned.

### Notes

On binary systems (where FLT_RADIX is 2), `std::ldexp` is equivalent to std::scalbn.

The function `std::ldexp` ("load exponent"), together with its dual, std::frexp, can be used to manipulate the representation of a floating-point number without direct bit manipulations.

On many implementations, `std::ldexp` is less efficient than multiplication or division by a power of two using arithmetic operators.

The additional overloads are not required to be provided exactly as (A). They only need to be sufficient to ensure that for their argument num of integer type, std::ldexp(num, exp) has the same effect as std::ldexp(static_cast<double>(num), exp).

For exponentiation of 2 by a floating point exponent, std::exp2 can be used.

### Example

Run this code

    #include <cerrno>
    #include <cfenv>
    #include <cmath>
    #include <cstring>
    #include <iostream>
    // #pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS ON

    int main()
    {
        std::cout
            << "ldexp(5, 3) = 5 * 8 = " << std::ldexp(5, 3) << '\n'
            << "ldexp(7, -4) = 7 / 16 = " << std::ldexp(7, -4) << '\n'
            << "ldexp(1, -1074) = " << std::ldexp(1, -1074)
            << " (minimum positive subnormal float64_t)\n"
            << "ldexp(nextafter(1,0), 1024) = "
            << std::ldexp(std::nextafter(1,0), 1024)
            << " (largest finite float64_t)\n";

        // special values
        std::cout << "ldexp(-0, 10) = " << std::ldexp(-0.0, 10) << '\n'
                  << "ldexp(-Inf, -1) = " << std::ldexp(-INFINITY, -1) << '\n';

        // error handling
        std::feclearexcept(FE_ALL_EXCEPT);
        errno = 0;
        const double inf = std::ldexp(1, 1024);
        const bool is_range_error = errno == ERANGE;

        std::cout << "ldexp(1, 1024) = " << inf << '\n';
        if (is_range_error)
            std::cout << "    errno == ERANGE: " << std::strerror(ERANGE) << '\n';
        if (std::fetestexcept(FE_OVERFLOW))
            std::cout << "    FE_OVERFLOW raised\n";
    }

Possible output:

    ldexp(5, 3) = 5 * 8 = 40
    ldexp(7, -4) = 7 / 16 = 0.4375
    ldexp(1, -1074) = 4.94066e-324 (minimum positive subnormal float64_t)
    ldexp(nextafter(1,0), 1024) = 1.79769e+308 (largest finite float64_t)
    ldexp(-0, 10) = -0
    ldexp(-Inf, -1) = -inf
    ldexp(1, 1024) = inf
        errno == ERANGE: Numerical result out of range
        FE_OVERFLOW raised

### See also

frexpfrexpffrexpl (C++11)(C++11) | decomposes a number into significand and base-2 exponent (function)
scalbnscalbnfscalbnlscalblnscalblnfscalblnl (C++11)(C++11)(C++11)(C++11)(C++11)(C++11) | multiplies a number by FLT_RADIX raised to a power (function)
exp2exp2fexp2l (C++11)(C++11)(C++11) | returns 2 raised to the given power (\({\small 2^x}\)2x) (function)
C documentation for ldexp

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