# Concurrency support library

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< c

C includes built-in support for threads, atomic operations, mutual exclusion, condition variables, and thread-specific storages.

These features are optionally provided:

- if the macro constant `__STDC_NO_THREADS__` is defined by the compiler, the header `<threads.h>` and all of the names provided in it are not provided;
- if the macro constant `__STDC_NO_ATOMICS__` is defined by the compiler, the header `<stdatomic.h>` and all of the names provided in it are not provided.

See also `_Atomic` type specifier and qualifier.

### Threads

Defined in header ``<threads.h>``
`thrd_t` | implementation-defined complete object type identifying a thread
thrd_create (C11) | creates a thread (function)
thrd_equal (C11) | checks if two identifiers refer to the same thread (function)
thrd_current (C11) | obtains the current thread identifier (function)
thrd_sleep (C11) | suspends execution of the calling thread for the given period of time (function)
thrd_yield (C11) | yields the current time slice (function)
thrd_exit (C11) | terminates the calling thread (function)
thrd_detach (C11) | detaches a thread (function)
thrd_join (C11) | blocks until a thread terminates (function)
thrd_successthrd_timedoutthrd_busythrd_nomemthrd_error (C11) | indicates a thread error status (constant)
thrd_start_t (C11) | a typedef of the function pointer type int(*)(void*), used by thrd_create (typedef)

### Atomic operations

Defined in header ``<stdatomic.h>``
##### Operations on atomic types
ATOMIC_BOOL_LOCK_FREEATOMIC_CHAR_LOCK_FREEATOMIC_CHAR16_T_LOCK_FREEATOMIC_CHAR32_T_LOCK_FREEATOMIC_WCHAR_T_LOCK_FREEATOMIC_SHORT_LOCK_FREEATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREEATOMIC_LONG_LOCK_FREEATOMIC_LLONG_LOCK_FREEATOMIC_POINTER_LOCK_FREE (C11) | indicates that the given atomic type is lock-free (macro constant)
atomic_is_lock_free (C11) | indicates whether the atomic object is lock-free (function)
atomic_storeatomic_store_explicit (C11) | stores a value in an atomic object (function)
atomic_loadatomic_load_explicit (C11) | reads a value from an atomic object (function)
atomic_exchangeatomic_exchange_explicit (C11) | swaps a value with the value of an atomic object (function)
atomic_compare_exchange_strongatomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicitatomic_compare_exchange_weakatomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit (C11) | swaps a value with an atomic object if the old value is what is expected, otherwise reads the old value (function)
atomic_fetch_addatomic_fetch_add_explicit (C11) | atomic addition (function)
atomic_fetch_subatomic_fetch_sub_explicit (C11) | atomic subtraction (function)
atomic_fetch_oratomic_fetch_or_explicit (C11) | atomic bitwise OR (function)
atomic_fetch_xoratomic_fetch_xor_explicit (C11) | atomic bitwise exclusive OR (function)
atomic_fetch_andatomic_fetch_and_explicit (C11) | atomic bitwise AND (function)
##### Flag type and operations
atomic_flag (C11) | lock-free atomic boolean flag (struct)
atomic_flag_test_and_setatomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit (C11) | sets an atomic_flag to true and returns the old value (function)
atomic_flag_clearatomic_flag_clear_explicit (C11) | sets an atomic_flag to false (function)
##### Initialization
atomic_init (C11) | initializes an existing atomic object (function)
ATOMIC_VAR_INIT (C11)(deprecated in C17)(removed in C23) | initializes a new atomic object (function macro)
ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT (C11) | initializes a new atomic_flag (macro constant)
##### Memory synchronization ordering
memory_order (C11) | defines memory ordering constraints (enum)
kill_dependency (C11) | breaks a dependency chain for memory_order_consume (function macro)
atomic_thread_fence (C11) | generic memory order-dependent fence synchronization primitive (function)
atomic_signal_fence (C11) | fence between a thread and a signal handler executed in the same thread (function)

##### Convenience type aliases
Typedef name | Full type name
`atomic_bool` (C11) | _Atomic _Bool(until C23)_Atomic bool(since C23)
`atomic_char` (C11) | _Atomic char
`atomic_schar` (C11) | _Atomic signed char
`atomic_uchar` (C11) | _Atomic unsigned char
`atomic_short` (C11) | _Atomic short
`atomic_ushort` (C11) | _Atomic unsigned short
`atomic_int` (C11) | _Atomic int
`atomic_uint` (C11) | _Atomic unsigned int
`atomic_long` (C11) | _Atomic long
`atomic_ulong` (C11) | _Atomic unsigned long
`atomic_llong` (C11) | _Atomic long long
`atomic_ullong` (C11) | _Atomic unsigned long long
`atomic_char8_t` (C23) | _Atomic char8_t
`atomic_char16_t` (C11) | _Atomic char16_t
`atomic_char32_t` (C11) | _Atomic char32_t
`atomic_wchar_t` (C11) | _Atomic wchar_t
`atomic_int_least8_t` (C11) | _Atomic int_least8_t
`atomic_uint_least8_t` (C11) | _Atomic uint_least8_t
`atomic_int_least16_t` (C11) | _Atomic int_least16_t
`atomic_uint_least16_t` (C11) | _Atomic uint_least16_t
`atomic_int_least32_t` (C11) | _Atomic int_least32_t
`atomic_uint_least32_t` (C11) | _Atomic uint_least32_t
`atomic_int_least64_t` (C11) | _Atomic int_least64_t
`atomic_uint_least64_t` (C11) | _Atomic uint_least64_t
`atomic_int_fast8_t` (C11) | _Atomic int_fast8_t
`atomic_uint_fast8_t` (C11) | _Atomic uint_fast8_t
`atomic_int_fast16_t` (C11) | _Atomic int_fast16_t
`atomic_uint_fast16_t` (C11) | _Atomic uint_fast16_t
`atomic_int_fast32_t` (C11) | _Atomic int_fast32_t
`atomic_uint_fast32_t` (C11) | _Atomic uint_fast32_t
`atomic_int_fast64_t` (C11) | _Atomic int_fast64_t
`atomic_uint_fast64_t` (C11) | _Atomic uint_fast64_t
`atomic_intptr_t` (C11) | _Atomic intptr_t
`atomic_uintptr_t` (C11) | _Atomic uintptr_t
`atomic_size_t` (C11) | _Atomic size_t
`atomic_ptrdiff_t` (C11) | _Atomic ptrdiff_t
`atomic_intmax_t` (C11) | _Atomic intmax_t
`atomic_uintmax_t` (C11) | _Atomic uintmax_t

### Mutual exclusion

Defined in header ``<threads.h>``
`mtx_t` | mutex identifier
mtx_init (C11) | creates a mutex (function)
mtx_lock (C11) | blocks until locks a mutex (function)
mtx_timedlock (C11) | blocks until locks a mutex or times out (function)
mtx_trylock (C11) | locks a mutex or returns without blocking if already locked (function)
mtx_unlock (C11) | unlocks a mutex (function)
mtx_destroy (C11) | destroys a mutex (function)
mtx_plainmtx_recursivemtx_timed (C11)(C11)(C11) | defines the type of a mutex (enum)
##### Call once
call_once (C11) | calls a function exactly once (function)

### Condition variables

Defined in header ``<threads.h>``
`cnd_t` | condition variable identifier
cnd_init (C11) | creates a condition variable (function)
cnd_signal (C11) | unblocks one thread blocked on a condition variable (function)
cnd_broadcast (C11) | unblocks all threads blocked on a condition variable (function)
cnd_wait (C11) | blocks on a condition variable (function)
cnd_timedwait (C11) | blocks on a condition variable, with a timeout (function)
cnd_destroy (C11) | destroys a condition variable (function)

### Thread-local storage

Defined in header ``<threads.h>``
thread_local (C11)(removed in C23) | convenience macro for storage-class specifier _Thread_local (keyword macro)
`tss_t` | thread-specific storage pointer
TSS_DTOR_ITERATIONS (C11) | maximum number of times destructors are called (macro constant)
`tss_dtor_t` (C11) | function pointer type void(*)(void*), used for TSS destructor (typedef)
tss_create (C11) | creates thread-specific storage pointer with a given destructor (function)
tss_get (C11) | reads from thread-specific storage (function)
tss_set (C11) | write to thread-specific storage (function)
tss_delete (C11) | releases the resources held by a given thread-specific pointer (function)

### Reserved identifiers

In future revisions of the C standard:

- function names, type names, and enumeration constants that begin with either `cnd_`, `mtx_`, `thrd_`, or `tss_`, and a lowercase letter may be added to the declarations in the `<threads.h>` header;
- macros that begin with `ATOMIC_` and an uppercase letter may be added to the macros defined in the `<stdatomic.h>` header;
- typedef names that begin with either `atomic_` or `memory_`, and a lowercase letter may be added to the declarations in the `<stdatomic.h>` header;
- enumeration constants that begin with `memory_order_` and a lowercase letter may be added to the definition of the memory_order type in the `<stdatomic.h>` header;
- function names that begin with `atomic_` and a lowercase letter may be added to the declarations in the `<stdatomic.h>` header.

Identifiers reserved for functions names are always potentially(since C23) reserved for use as identifiers with external linkage, while other identifiers list here are potentially(since C23) reserved when `<stdatomic.h>` is included.

Declaring, defining, or #undefing such an identifier results in undefined behavior if it is provided by the standard or implementation(since C23). Portable programs should not use those identifiers.

### References

- C23 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2024):

  - 7.17 Atomics <stdatomic.h> (p: TBD)

  - 7.26 Threads <threads.h> (p: TBD)

  - 7.31.8 Atomics <stdatomic.h> (p: TBD)

  - 7.31.15 Threads <threads.h> (p: TBD)

- C17 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2018):

  - 7.17 Atomics <stdatomic.h> (p: 200-209)

  - 7.26 Threads <threads.h> (p: 274-283)

  - 7.31.8 Atomics <stdatomic.h> (p: 332)

  - 7.31.15 Threads <threads.h> (p: 333)

- C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):

  - 7.17 Atomics <stdatomic.h> (p: 273-286)

  - 7.26 Threads <threads.h> (p: 376-387)

  - 7.31.8 Atomics <stdatomic.h> (p: 455-456)

  - 7.31.15 Threads <threads.h> (p: 456)

### See also

C++ documentation for Concurrency support library

### External links

GNU GCC Libc Manual: ISO C Mutexes

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