# std::ios_base

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< cpp‎ | io

Defined in header `<ios>` |  |
class ios_base; |  |

The class `ios_base` is a multipurpose class that serves as the base class for all I/O stream classes. It maintains several kinds of data:

1) state information: stream status flags.
2) control information: flags that control formatting of both input and output sequences and the imbued locale.
3) private storage: indexed extensible data structure that allows both long and void* members, which may be implemented as two arbitrary-length arrays or a single array of two-element structs or another container.
4) callbacks: arbitrary number of user-defined functions to be called from `imbue()`, std::basic_ios::copyfmt(), and `~ios_base()`.

Typical implementation holds member constants corresponding to all values of `fmtflags`, `iostate`, `openmode`, and `seekdir` shown below, member variables to maintain current precision, width, and formatting flags, the exception mask, the buffer error state, a resizeable container holding the callbacks, the currently imbued locale, the private storage, and a static integer variable for `xalloc()`.

### Member functions

(constructor) | constructs the object (protected member function)
(destructor) [virtual] | destructs the object (virtual public member function)
operator= | assigns to the stream (public member function)
##### Formatting
flags | manages format flags (public member function)
setf | sets specific format flag (public member function)
unsetf | clears specific format flag (public member function)
precision | manages decimal precision of floating point operations (public member function)
width | manages field width (public member function)
##### Locales
imbue | sets locale (public member function)
getloc | returns current locale (public member function)
##### Internal extensible array
xalloc [static] | returns a program-wide unique integer that is safe to use as index to `pword()` and `iword()` (public static member function)
iword | resizes the private storage if necessary and access to the long element at the given index (public member function)
pword | resizes the private storage if necessary and access to the void* element at the given index (public member function)
##### Miscellaneous
register_callback | registers event callback function (public member function)
sync_with_stdio [static] | sets whether C++ and C I/O libraries are interoperable (public static member function)
### Member classes
failure | stream exception (public member class)
Init | initializes standard stream objects (public member class)

### Member types and constants
Type | Explanation
openmode | stream open mode type The following constants are also defined:
Constant | Explanation
`app` | seek to the end of stream before each write
`binary` | open in binary mode
`in` | open for reading
`out` | open for writing
`trunc` | discard the contents of the stream when opening
`ate` | seek to the end of stream immediately after open
`noreplace` (C++23) | open in exclusive mode
(typedef)
fmtflags | formatting flags type The following constants are also defined:
Constant | Explanation
`dec` | use decimal base for integer I/O: see std::dec
`oct` | use octal base for integer I/O: see std::oct
`hex` | use hexadecimal base for integer I/O: see std::hex
`basefield` | dec | oct | hex. Useful for masking operations
`left` | left adjustment (adds fill characters to the right): see std::left
`right` | right adjustment (adds fill characters to the left): see std::right
`internal` | internal adjustment (adds fill characters to the internal designated point): see std::internal
`adjustfield` | left | right | internal. Useful for masking operations
`scientific` | generate floating point types using scientific notation, or hex notation if combined with fixed: see std::scientific
`fixed` | generate floating point types using fixed notation, or hex notation if combined with scientific: see std::fixed
`floatfield` | scientific | fixed. Useful for masking operations
`boolalpha` | insert and extract bool type in alphanumeric format: see std::boolalpha
`showbase` | generate a prefix indicating the numeric base for integer output, require the currency indicator in monetary I/O: see std::showbase
`showpoint` | generate a decimal-point character unconditionally for floating-point number output: see std::showpoint
`showpos` | generate a + character for non-negative numeric output: see std::showpos
`skipws` | skip leading whitespace before certain input operations: see std::skipws
`unitbuf` | flush the output after each output operation: see std::unitbuf
`uppercase` | replace certain lowercase letters with their uppercase equivalents in certain output operations: see std::uppercase
(typedef)
iostate | state of the stream type The following constants are also defined:
Constant | Explanation
`goodbit` | no error
`badbit` | irrecoverable stream error
`failbit` | input/output operation failed (formatting or extraction error)
`eofbit` | associated input sequence has reached end-of-file
(typedef)
seekdir | seeking direction type The following constants are also defined:
Constant | Explanation
`beg` | the beginning of a stream
`end` | the ending of a stream
`cur` | the current position of stream position indicator
(typedef)
event | specifies event type (enum)
event_callback | callback function type (typedef)

##### Deprecated member types
Type | Explanation
`io_state` (deprecated) | integer type that may be used like `iostate`
`open_mode` (deprecated) | integer type that may be used like `openmode`
`seek_dir` (deprecated) | integer type that may be used like `seekdir`
`streamoff` (deprecated) | unspecified type that may be used like `off_type`, not necessarily std::streamoff
`streampos` (deprecated) | unspecified type that may be used like `pos_type`, not necessarily std::streampos
| (until C++17)

### Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR | Applied to | Behavior as published | Correct behavior
--- | --- | --- | ---
LWG 1357 (N3110) | C++98 | `std::ios_base` defined operator~, operator& and operator| for types `openmode`, `fmtflags` and `iostate`, violating the requirements of BitmaskType[1] | removed these definitions

1. ↑ A BitmaskType needs to support bitwise opertaions on its own. The bitwise operation support should not be provided externally.

### See also

basic_ios | manages an arbitrary stream buffer (class template)

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