# History of C++

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## Early C++

- 1979: C with Classes first implemented

1. New features: classes, member functions, derived classes, separate compilation, public and private access control, friends, type checking of function arguments, default arguments, inline functions, overloaded assignment operator, constructors, destructors, f() same as f(void), call-function and return-function (synchronization features, not in C++)
2. Libraries: the concurrent task library (not in C++)

- 1982: C with Classes reference manual published
- 1984: C84 implemented, reference manual published
- 1985: Cfront 1.0

1. New features: virtual functions, function and operator overloading, references, `new` and `delete` operators, the keyword `const`, scope resolution operator
2. Library additions: complex number, `string` (AT&T version), I/O stream

- 1985: The C++ Programming Language, 1st edition
- 1986: The "whatis?" paper documenting the remaining design goals, including multiple inheritance, exception handling, and templates.
- 1987: C++ support in GCC 1.15.3
- 1989: Cfront 2.0

1. New features: multiple inheritance, pointers to members, protected access, type-safe linkage, abstract classes, static and const-qualified member functions, class-specific `new` and `delete`
2. Library additions: I/O manipulators

- 1990: The Annotated C++ Reference Manual

This book described the language as designed, including some features that were not yet implemented. It served as the de-facto standard until the ISO.

1. New features: namespaces, exception handling, nested classes, templates

- 1991: Cfront 3.0
- 1991: The C++ Programming Language, 2nd edition

## Standard C++

- 1990: ANSI C++ Committee founded
- 1991: ISO C++ Committee founded
- 1992: STL implemented in C++

### C++98/03 period

- 1998: C++98 (ISO/IEC 14882:1998)

1. New features: RTTI (`dynamic_cast`, `typeid`), covariant return types, cast operators, `mutable`, `bool`, declarations in conditions, template instantiations, member templates, export
2. Library additions: locales, `bitset`, `valarray`, `auto_ptr`, templatized string, I/O streams, and complex numbers.
3. Based on STL: containers, algorithms, iterators, function objects

- 1998: The C++ Programming Language, 3rd edition
- 1999: Boost founded by the committee members to produce new high-quality candidate libraries for the standard.
- 2003: C++03 (ISO/IEC 14882:2003)

This was a minor revision, intended to be little more than a technical corrigendum. This revision introduces the definition of value initialization.

Defect Reports fixed in C++03 (92 core, 125 library)
CWG#1 CWG#20 CWG#21 CWG#22 CWG#24 CWG#25 CWG#30 CWG#32 CWG#33 CWG#35 CWG#38 CWG#40 CWG#41 CWG#43 CWG#48 CWG#49 CWG#51 CWG#52 CWG#53 CWG#56 CWG#59 CWG#64 CWG#65 CWG#67 CWG#68 CWG#69 CWG#73 CWG#74 CWG#75 CWG#76 CWG#80 CWG#83 CWG#84 CWG#85 CWG#89 CWG#90 CWG#93 CWG#94 CWG#98 CWG#100 CWG#101 CWG#103 CWG#105 CWG#108 CWG#116 CWG#120 CWG#121 CWG#123 CWG#126 CWG#127 CWG#128 CWG#131 CWG#134 CWG#135 CWG#137 CWG#142 CWG#145 CWG#147 CWG#148 CWG#149 CWG#151 CWG#152 CWG#153 CWG#159 CWG#161 CWG#163 CWG#164 CWG#166 CWG#171 CWG#173 CWG#176 CWG#178 CWG#179 CWG#181 CWG#183 CWG#185 CWG#187 CWG#188 CWG#190 CWG#193 CWG#194 CWG#202 CWG#206 CWG#210 CWG#213 CWG#217 CWG#227 CWG#235 CWG#241 CWG#249 CWG#250 CWG#304 LWG#1 LWG#3 LWG#5 LWG#7 LWG#8 LWG#9 LWG#11 LWG#13 LWG#14 LWG#15 LWG#16 LWG#17 LWG#18 LWG#19 LWG#20 LWG#21 LWG#22 LWG#24 LWG#25 LWG#26 LWG#27 LWG#28 LWG#29 LWG#30 LWG#31 LWG#32 LWG#33 LWG#34 LWG#35 LWG#36 LWG#37 LWG#38 LWG#39 LWG#40 LWG#41 LWG#42 LWG#46 LWG#47 LWG#48 LWG#50 LWG#51 LWG#52 LWG#53 LWG#54 LWG#55 LWG#56 LWG#57 LWG#59 LWG#60 LWG#61 LWG#62 LWG#63 LWG#64 LWG#66 LWG#68 LWG#69 LWG#70 LWG#71 LWG#74 LWG#75 LWG#78 LWG#79 LWG#80 LWG#83 LWG#86 LWG#90 LWG#106 LWG#108 LWG#110 LWG#112 LWG#114 LWG#115 LWG#119 LWG#122 LWG#124 LWG#125 LWG#126 LWG#127 LWG#129 LWG#132 LWG#133 LWG#134 LWG#137 LWG#139 LWG#141 LWG#142 LWG#144 LWG#146 LWG#147 LWG#148 LWG#150 LWG#151 LWG#152 LWG#154 LWG#155 LWG#156 LWG#158 LWG#159 LWG#160 LWG#161 LWG#164 LWG#168 LWG#169 LWG#170 LWG#172 LWG#173 LWG#174 LWG#175 LWG#176 LWG#181 LWG#189 LWG#193 LWG#195 LWG#199 LWG#208 LWG#209 LWG#210 LWG#211 LWG#212 LWG#217 LWG#220 LWG#222 LWG#223 LWG#224 LWG#227

- 2006: Performance TR (ISO/IEC TR 18015:2006) (ISO Store) (2006 draft)

This TR discussed the costs of various C++ abstractions, provided implementation guidance, discussed use of C++ in embedded systems and introduced `<hardware>` interface to C's ISO/IEC TR 18037:2008 `<iohw.h>`.

- 2007: Library extension TR1 (ISO/IEC TR 19768:2007) (ISO store) (2005 draft).

This TR is a C++ library extension, which adds the following to the C++ standard library:

1. From Boost: `reference_wrapper`, Smart pointers, Member function, `result_of`, `bind`, `function`, Type Traits, Random, Mathematical Special Functions, `tuple`, `array`, Unordered Containers (including `hash`), and Regular Expressions.
2. From C99: mathematical functions from `<math.h>` that were new in C99, blank character class, Floating-point environment, `hexfloat` I/O Manipulator, fixed-size integral types, the `long long` type, va_copy, the `snprintf()` and `vfscanf()` families of functions, and the C99 conversion specifies for `printf()` and `scanf()` families of functions.

All of TR1 except for the special functions was included in C++11, with minor changes.

- 2010: Mathematical special functions (ISO/IEC 29124:2010) (ISO Store) (2010 draft)

This international standard is a C++ standard library extension, which adds the special functions that were part of TR1, but were not included in C++11: elliptic integrals, exponential integral, Laguerre polynomials, Legendre polynomials, Hermite polynomials, Bessel functions, Neumann functions, beta function, and Riemann zeta function. This standard was merged into C++17.

### C++11 period

- 2011: C++11 (ISO/IEC 14882:2011) (ISO Store) (2012 post-publication draft).

Main Article: C++11

A large number of changes were introduced to both standardize existing practices and improve the abstractions available to the C++ programmers

- 2011: Decimal floating-point TR (ISO/IEC TR 24733:2011) (ISO Store) (2009 draft)

This TR implements the decimal floating-point types from IEEE 754-2008 Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic: `std::decimal::decimal32`, `std::decimal::decimal64`, and `std::decimal::decimal128`.

- 2012: The Standard C++ Foundation founded
- 2013: The C++ Programming Language, 4th edition

### C++14 period

- 2014: C++14 (ISO Store) (ANSI Store) (2014 final draft)

Main Article: C++14

Minor revision of the C++ standard

- 2015: Filesystem library TS (ISO/IEC TS 18822:2015) (ISO Store) (2014 draft)

This TS is an experimental C++ library extension that specifies a filesystem library based on boost.filesystem V3 (with some modifications and extensions). This TS was merged into C++17.

- 2015: Extensions for Parallelism TS (ISO/IEC TS 19570:2015) (ISO Store) (2015 draft)

This TS standardizes parallel and vector-parallel API for all standard library algorithms, as well as adds new algorithms such as `reduce`, `transform_reduce`, or `exclusive_scan`. This TS was merged into C++17.

- 2015: Extensions for Transactional Memory TS (ISO/IEC TS 19841:2015) (ISO Store) ([2015 draft)

This TS extends the C++ core language with synchronized and atomic blocks, as well as transaction-safe functions, which implement transactional memory semantics.

- 2015: Extensions for Library Fundamentals TS (ISO/IEC TS 19568:2015) (ISO Store) (2015 draft)

This TS adds several new components to the C++ standard library: `optional`, `any`, `string_view`, `sample`, `search`, `apply`, polymorphic allocators, and variable templates for type traits. This TS was merged into C++17.

- 2015: Extensions for Concepts TS (ISO/IEC TS 19217:2015) (ISO Store) (2015 draft)

This TS extends the C++ core language with concepts (named type requirements) and constraints (limits on the types allowed in template, function, and variable declarations), which aids metaprogramming and simplifies template instantiation diagnostics, see concepts. This TS was merged into C++20, with some omissions.

- 2016: Extensions for Concurrency TS (ISO/IEC TS 19571:2016) (ISO Store) (2015 draft)

This TS extends the C++ library to include several extensions to std::future, latches and barriers, and atomic smart pointers.

### C++17 period

- 2017: C++17 (ISO Store) (ANSI Store) (n4659 2017-03-21 final draft)

Main Article: C++17

The major revision of the C++ standard after C++11

- 2017: Extensions for Ranges TS (ISO/IEC TS 21425:2017) (ISO Store) (2017 draft)

This TS extends the C++ library to include ranges, a new, more powerful, abstraction to replace iterator pairs, along with range views, sentinel ranges, projections for on-the-fly transformations, new iterator adaptors and algorithms. This extension finally makes it possible to sort a vector with sort(v);

- 2017: Extensions for Coroutines TS (ISO/IEC TS 22277:2017) (ISO Store) (2017 draft)

This TS extends the C++ core language and the standard library to include stackless coroutines (resumable functions). This adds the keywords `co_await`, `co_yield`, and `co_return`.

- 2018: Extensions for Networking TS (ISO/IEC TS 19216:2018) (ISO Store) (2017 draft)

This TS extends the C++ library to include TCP/IP networking based on boost.asio.

- 2018: Extensions for modules TS (ISO/IEC TS 21544:2018) (ISO Store) (2018 draft)

This TS extends the C++ core language to include modules. This adds the special identifiers `module`, `import`, and reintroduces the keyword `export` with a new meaning.

- 2018: Extensions for Parallelism version 2 TS (ISO/IEC TS 19570:2018) (ISO Store) (2018 draft)

This TS extends the C++ library to include two new execution policies (unseq and vec), additional parallel algorithms such as reduction_plus or for_loop_strided, task blocks for forking and joining parallel tasks, SIMD types and operations on those types.

### C++20 period

- 2020: C++20 (ISO Store) (final draft n4860 2020-03-31)

Main Article: C++20

The major revision of the C++ standard after C++17

- 2021: Reflection TS (ISO/IEC TS 23619:2021) (ISO store) (2020 draft)

This TS extends C++ with the facilities to inspect program entities such as variables, enumerations, classes and their members, lambdas and their captures, etc.

### Future development

- Experimental technical specifications
- 2026: C++ latest draft n5001 (2024-12-17)

Main Article: C++23

The next major revision of the C++ standard

### See also

C documentation for History of C

### External links

1. | A History of C++: 1979-1991
2. | Evolving a language in and for the real world: C++ 1991-2006
3. | Thriving in a crowded and changing world: C++ 2006-2020
4. | Standard C++ foundation
5. | C++ on Wikipedia
6. | C++ Standards Committee

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