# std::optional<T>::and_then

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< cpp‎ | utility‎ | optional

template< class F > constexpr auto and_then( F&& f ) &; | (1) | (since C++23)
template< class F > constexpr auto and_then( F&& f ) const&; | (2) | (since C++23)
template< class F > constexpr auto and_then( F&& f ) &&; | (3) | (since C++23)
template< class F > constexpr auto and_then( F&& f ) const&&; | (4) | (since C++23)

If *this contains a value, invokes f with the contained value as an argument, and returns the result of that invocation; otherwise, returns an empty `std::optional`.

The return type (see below) must be a specialization of std::optional (unlike `transform()`). Otherwise, the program is ill-formed.

1) Equivalent to

    if (*this)
        return std::invoke(std::forward<F>(f), value());
    else
        return std::remove_cvref_t<std::invoke_result_t<F, T&>>{};

2) Equivalent to

    if (*this)
        return std::invoke(std::forward<F>(f), value());
    else
        return std::remove_cvref_t<std::invoke_result_t<F, const T&>>{};

3) Equivalent to

    if (*this)
        return std::invoke(std::forward<F>(f), std::move(value()));
    else
        return std::remove_cvref_t<std::invoke_result_t<F, T>>{};

4) Equivalent to

    if (*this)
        return std::invoke(std::forward<F>(f), std::move(value());
    else
        return std::remove_cvref_t<std::invoke_result_t<F, const T>>{};

### Parameters

f | - | a suitable function or Callable object that returns an std::optional

### Return value

The result of f or an empty std::optional, as described above.

### Notes

Some languages call this operation flatmap.

Feature-test macro | Value | Std | Feature
--- | --- | --- | ---
`__cpp_lib_optional` | `202110L` | (C++23) | Monadic operations in std::optional

### Example

Run this code

    #include <charconv>
    #include <iomanip>
    #include <iostream>
    #include <optional>
    #include <ranges>
    #include <string>
    #include <string_view>
    #include <vector>

    std::optional<int> to_int(std::string_view sv)
    {
        int r{};
        auto [ptr, ec]{std::from_chars(sv.data(), sv.data() + sv.size(), r)};
        if (ec == std::errc())
            return r;
        else
            return std::nullopt;
    }

    int main()
    {
        using namespace std::literals;

        const std::vector<std::optional<std::string>> v
        {
            "1234", "15 foo", "bar", "42", "5000000000", " 5", std::nullopt, "-43"
        };

        for (auto&& x : v | std::views::transform(
            [](auto&& o)
            {
                // debug print the content of input optional<string>
                std::cout << std::left << std::setw(13)
                          << std::quoted(o.value_or("nullopt")) << " -> ";

                return o
                    // if optional is nullopt convert it to optional with "" string
                    .or_else([]{ return std::optional{""s}; })
                    // flatmap from strings to ints (making empty optionals where it fails)
                    .and_then(to_int)
                    // map int to int + 1
                    .transform([](int n) { return n + 1; })
                    // convert back to strings
                    .transform([](int n) { return std::to_string(n); })
                    // replace all empty optionals that were left by
                    // and_then and ignored by transforms with "NaN"
                    .value_or("NaN"s);
            }))
            std::cout << x << '\n';
    }

Output:

    "1234"        -> 1235
    "15 foo"      -> 16
    "bar"         -> NaN
    "42"          -> 43
    "5000000000"  -> NaN
    " 5"          -> NaN
    "nullopt"     -> NaN
    "-43"         -> -42

### See also

value_or | returns the contained value if available, another value otherwise (public member function)
transform (C++23) | returns an `optional` containing the transformed contained value if it exists, or an empty `optional` otherwise (public member function)
or_else (C++23) | returns the `optional` itself if it contains a value, or the result of the given function otherwise (public member function)

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