# std::ranges::view_interface<D>::back

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constexpr decltype(auto) back() requires ranges::bidirectional_range<D> && ranges::common_range<D>; | (1) | (since C++20)
constexpr decltype(auto) back() const requires ranges::bidirectional_range<const D> && ranges::common_range<const D>; | (2) | (since C++20)

The default implementation of `back()` member function returns the last element in the view of the derived type. Whether the element is returned by value or by reference depends on the operator* of the iterator type.

1) Let `derived` be static_cast<D&>(*this). Equivalent to return *ranges::prev(ranges::end(derived));. The behavior is undefined if `empty()` is true (i.e. the beginning iterator compares equal to the sentinel), even if the iterator obtained in the same way is dereferenceable.
2) Same as (1), except that `derived` is static_cast<const D&>(*this).

### Parameters

(none)

### Return value

The last element in the view.

### Notes

In C++20, no type derived from std::ranges::view_interface in the standard library provides their own `back()` member function.

However, following derived types cannot use the default implementations, as they never satisfy neither `bidirectional_range` nor `common_range`:

- std::ranges::basic_istream_view
- std::ranges::lazy_split_view
- std::ranges::split_view
- std::ranges::take_while_view

The inherited `back()` member function is available for std::ranges::empty_view, but a call to it always results in undefined behavior.

### Example

| This section is incomplete Reason: no example

### See also

rbegincrbegin (C++14) | returns a reverse iterator to the beginning of a container or array (function template)
ranges::rbegin (C++20) | returns a reverse iterator to a range (customization point object)
ranges::crbegin (C++20) | returns a reverse iterator to a read-only range (customization point object)

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